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Canadian-born British paper publisher (born 1944)

The Right Honourable The Lord Black of Crossharbour KCSG
Members of the House of Lords Lord Temporal
Incumbent
Assumed role 31 Oct 2002 Get out of absenteeism: 2012 – 2019 Life Peerage
Personal details
Born	Conrad Moffat Black (1944-08-25) 25 August 1944 (age 77) Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Nationality	Canadian (1944–2001) British (1999–present)
Party	Conservative
Spouse(s)	Joanna Hishon ​ ​ (thousand. 1978; div. 1992)​ Barbara Amiel ​ ​ (m. 1992)​
Children	3
Parent(due south)	George Montegu Black II, Jean Elizabeth Riley
Residence(s)	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Education	Carleton University (BA) Université Laval (LLL) McGill Academy (MA)
Occupation	Old paper publisher, financier, historian, commentator, columnist

Conrad Moffat Blackness, Businesswoman Blackness of Crossharbour KCSG (born 25 August 1944), is a Canadian-built-in British quondam newspaper publisher, man of affairs, writer and convicted fraudster.^[1]

His father was businessman George Montegu Blackness Two, who had significant holdings in Canadian manufacturing, retail and media businesses through function-ownership of the holding company Ravelston Corporation. In 1978, 2 years after their father'southward expiry, Conrad and his older brother Montegu took majority command of Ravelston. Over the next 7 years, Conrad Black sold off near of their non-media holdings in order to focus on paper publishing. Black controlled Hollinger International, once the world's tertiary-largest English-language newspaper empire,^[2] which published The Daily Telegraph (United kingdom), Chicago Sun-Times (US), The Jerusalem Post (Israel), National Postal service (Canada), and hundreds of customs newspapers in Due north America, before controversy erupted over the auction of some of the company's assets.

He was granted a peerage in 2001 and because of the Nickle Resolution, which bans British honours for Canadian citizens, gave upwardly his Canadian citizenship in guild to accept the championship.

In 2007, he was bedevilled on four counts of fraud in US District Courtroom in Chicago. While two of the criminal fraud charges were overturned on appeal, a confidence for felony fraud and obstacle of justice was upheld in 2010 and he was re-sentenced to 42 months in prison and a fine of $125,000. In 2018, Black wrote a flattering biography of Us President Donald Trump. In 2019, Trump granted him a presidential pardon.^{[3] [iv]}

Black is a longtime columnist and author, including having written a cavalcade for the National Post since he founded it in 1998. He has written over ten books, mostly in the fields of Canadian and American history, including biographies of Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis and U.s. presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Richard Nixon and Donald Trump, besides as two memoirs. He has too hosted two interview shows on the Canadian cable network VisionTV. He is a political conservative, and belonged to the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland's Conservative Party, merely also has some idiosyncratic views, including his support for Roosevelt's New Deal.

Early life and family unit [edit]

Blackness was born in Montreal, Quebec, to a family originally from Winnipeg, Manitoba. His father, George Montegu Black Jr., a chartered accountant, was the president of Canadian Breweries Limited, a brewing conglomerate that had earlier absorbed Winnipeg Breweries, which he had inherited from his begetter George Montegu Black Sr. Conrad Black's mother was the former Jean Elizabeth Riley, a girl of Conrad Stephenson Riley, whose begetter founded The Slap-up-West Life Assurance Company, and a corking-granddaughter of an early co-owner of The Daily Telegraph.^{[ commendation needed ]} His male parent was a shareholder in The Daily Telegraph.^{[ citation needed ]}

Biographer George Tombs said of Blackness's motivations: "He was born into a very big family of athletic, handsome people. He wasn't particularly athletic or handsome like they were, and so he developed a different skill — wordplay, which he practised a lot with his male parent."^[5] Black has written that his father was "cultured [and] humorous" and that his mother was a "natural, convivial, and altogether virtuous person".^[6] Of his older brother George Montegu Black Iii (Monte), Black has written that he was "one of the greatest natural athletes I have known", and that though "generally more than sociable than I was, he was never a cad or fifty-fifty inconstant, or ever an ungenerous friend or less than a admirer".^[7] The Black family maintains a family plot at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto where Black'due south parents and blood brother are buried along with his good friend and his wife'southward one-time married man, journalist, poet and broadcaster, George Jonas.^{[8] [ix]}

Pedagogy [edit]

Black was get-go educated at Upper Canada College (UCC), during which time, at age eight, he invested his life savings of $60 in one share of General Motors.^[10] Half-dozen years later, he was expelled from UCC for selling stolen examination papers. He then attended Trinity College School in Port Hope, where he lasted less than a yr, being expelled for rebel behaviour.^[xi] Successfully completing the twelvemonth every bit an extramural student, Black transferred to Thornton Hall, a individual school in Toronto.

Blackness connected his post-secondary education at Carleton University.^[12] He attended Toronto's Osgoode Hall Police Schoolhouse of York University, but his studies ended afterward he failed his first year exams.^[13] In 1970, he completed a constabulary degree at Université Laval, and in 1973 completed a Chief of Arts degree in history at McGill Academy.^[14]

Black's thesis at McGill would get the first half of his first volume on Quebec premier Maurice Duplessis. Black had been granted access to Duplessis' papers, housed in Duplessis' former residence in Trois-Rivières,^[15] which included "figures from the famous Union Nationale caisse électorale (the party war breast), a copy of the Leader of the Opposition'southward tax returns, [and] gossip from bishops",^[6] as well equally

historically significant messages from Cardinal Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve and Paul-Émile Léger, Governor General Field Align Alexander, Lord Beaverbrook, Canadian and French Prime Ministers and Eminent Canadian and American finance ministers side-by-side with manus-written, ungrammatical requests for jobs with the Quebec Liquor Board, unpaid bills, the returns of his ministers who were adulterous on their taxes, a number of scribbled notes for Assembly speeches, tidbits of political espionage, compromising photographs, [and] a ledger listing the political contributions of every tavern-keeper in the province.^[15]

Blackness subsequently had the chief items from the papers copied and microfilmed, and he donated copies to McGill, York, and Windsor universities.^[6]

Marriages [edit]

Black's first marriage was in 1978 to Joanna Hishon of Montreal, who worked as a secretarial assistant in his and his brother Montegu'south brokerage part. The couple had two sons and a daughter.^{[ citation needed ]} They separated in 1991. Their divorce was finalized in 1992; that same year Blackness married British-born Jewish-Canadian journalist Barbara Amiel. Black described Amiel, in the first volume of his autobiography as "beautiful, brilliant, ideologically a robust spirit" and "chic, humorous and preternaturally sexy". Courtroom evidence revealed that the couple exchanged over 11,000 emails.^[5]

Religion [edit]

"My family unit", Black wrote in 2009, "was divided between atheism and agnosticism, and I followed rather unthinkingly and inactively in those paths into my twenties." By his early thirties he "no longer had any confidence in the non-being of God". Thereafter, he "approached Rome at a snail's pace", and began to study the writings of Roman Catholic thinkers such as St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Cardinal Newman, and Jacques Maritain.^[16] Having accepted the possibility of miracles and thus of the Resurrection of Christ, Blackness was received into the Roman Catholic Church on xviii June 1986 by Gerald Emmett Cardinal Carter, Archbishop of Toronto, at the primal's official residence. He had a dispensation to receive the sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church building, from Cardinals Léger and Carter, starting in 1974.^{[half dozen]}

Black adult a close friendship with Cardinal Carter and relied on him every bit a spiritual counselor. On Carter'southward death, Blackness wrote:

In the 25 years I knew him, his judgment and personality were always sober but never solemn; and never, not at his most beleaguered and not on the verge of death, did he show a trace of despair. He was intellectual simply practical, spiritual but not sanctimonious or utopian, proud simply never big-headed. He must take had faults, but I never detected any. He was a peachy man, yet the salt of the globe.^[17]

In 2001, Black was invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, a Papal order of chivalry awarded by Pope John Paul II and delivered by Cardinals Carter and Aloysius Ambrozic. He has written that his faith helped him suffer his imprisonment in the U.s..^[eighteen] Blackness is also a major shareholder in The Cosmic Herald,^[eighteen] and was the vice-president of Léger'south charity from 1972 to 1990.^[xix]

Career [edit]

Early business ventures [edit]

Black became involved in a number of businesses, mainly publishing newspapers, starting when he was still in university. In 1966, Black bought his get-go newspaper, the Eastern Townships Advertiser in Quebec. Post-obit the foundation as an investment vehicle of the Ravelston Corporation past the Black family in 1969, Black, together with friends David Radler and Peter G. White, purchased and operated the Sherbrooke Record, the small-scale English linguistic communication daily in Sherbrooke, Quebec. In 1971, the three formed Sterling Newspapers Limited, a holding visitor that acquired several other pocket-size Canadian regional daily and weekly newspapers, including the Prince Rupert Daily News and the Summerside, Prince Edward Island, Journal Pioneer.

Corporate ownership through belongings companies [edit]

George Black died in June 1976, x days after his wife, leaving Conrad Blackness and his older brother, Montegu, a 22.4% stake in Ravelston Corporation, which by then owned 61% voting control of Argus Corporation, an influential holding company in Canada. Argus controlled large stakes in five Canadian corporations: Hollinger Mines, Standard Dissemination, Dominion Stores, Domtar and Massey Ferguson.^[20] Hollinger controlled Labrador Mining and Exploration and had a large stake in Noranda Mines. Blackness succeeded his begetter as a director of Dominion Stores and Standard Broadcasting, owner of radio stations CFRB (Toronto) and CJAD (Montreal), and television station CJOH (Ottawa). Conrad Blackness became a director of the Canadian Imperial Banking company of Commerce in 1977.^[21]

Through his father's position at Canadian Breweries, and his condition equally a co-founder of Ravelston, Black gained early association with two of Canada's most prominent businessmen: John A. "Bud" McDougald and Eastward. P. Taylor, the first two presidents of Argus. Following McDougald's death in 1978, Black paid $18 million to McDougald's widow and her sister for control of Ravelston and thereby, command of Toronto-based Argus.^[22] Interviews with the two sisters in their retirement homes in Florida were aired 21 September 1980 in the episode of the CBC's The Canadian Establishment, entitled "10 Toronto Street". This episode covered the menstruum during which Conrad Black became president of Argus Corporation following the death of McDougald. Black's new associate, Nelson G. Davis became chairman. Patrick Watson, the host and narrator of series interviewed the two widows in their Florida retirement homes.^[23] Black recorded that the widows "understood and canonical every alphabetic character of every word of the understanding".^[6] Other observers admired Black for marshaling plenty investor support to win control without committing a large cake of personal assets.^[xx] He brought in new partners to replace Mrs. McDougal and her sister Mrs. Westward. Eric Philips.^[24]

Some of the Argus assets were already troubled, and others did not fit Black's long-term vision. Black resigned as Chairman of Massey Ferguson company on 23 May 1980, subsequently which Argus donated its shares to the employees' pension funds, both salaried and matrimony.^[25] Hollinger Mines was then turned into a holding visitor that initially focused on resource-based businesses.^[20]

In 1981 Norcen Energy, one of his companies, acquired a minority position in Ohio-based Hanna Mining Co. In a filing with the US Securities and Substitution Commission (SEC), a disclosure was fabricated to the effect that Norcen took "an investment position" in Hanna. The filing did not include a disclosure that Norcen's lath planned to seek majority control. Black afterwards was charged by the SEC with filing misleading public statements. These charges were later withdrawn.^[26]

Dominion pension dispute [edit]

In 1984, the Dominion Stores Board of which Montegu Black was the chairman, with the prior consent of the Ontario Pension Commission, withdrew over $56 million from the Rule workers' pension program surplus which the management had generated. The company said it considered the surplus the rightful property of the employer (Dominion Stores Ltd.), as the shareholders would accept to pay for any shortfall if the avails had been less successfully invested. The Dominion employees' union the United Food and Commercial Workers protested, a public outcry ensued, and the case went to court. The Supreme Court of Ontario ruled against the company, and ordered the company to return the money to the pension fund, claiming that though the most recent language in the plan suggested the employer had buying of the surplus, the original intention was to proceed the surplus in the plan to increase members' benefits.^[27] Somewhen, the pension dispute was settled in equal shares between the shareholders and the plan members.^[6]

Industrial holdings shifted to publishing [edit]

Over time, Black focused the formerly diverse activities of his companies on newspaper publishing. Argus Corporation was one of Canada's most important conglomerates, though autonomously from Standard Broadcasting, information technology had less than 25% of the stock of the companies in which it was invested, and iv-fifths of its ain stock did not vote. Blackness had negotiated the acquisition of that stock from Power Corporation chairman Paul G. Desmarais in 1979 to become, equally he put it, a 'real proprietor'. Black supervised the divesting of interests in manufacturing, retailing, broadcasting and ultimately oil, gas and mining. Canadian author John Ralston Saul argued in 2008, "Lord Black was never a real 'capitalist' considering he never created wealth, only dismantled wealth. His career has been largely about stripping corporations. Destroying them."^[28] Announcer and writer George Jonas, the onetime hubby of Black's wife, Barbara Amiel, contended that Hollinger made its "investors ... billions [of dollars]".^[29]

Black bought Quebec Metropolis's Le Soleil, Le Droit of Ottawa, and Le Quotidien of Chicoutimi from Jacques G. Francoeur.^[xxx]

Growth and divestment of press holdings [edit]

In 1986, Andrew Knight, then editor of The Economist, advised Black an investment could be fabricated in the ailing Telegraph Grouping (London, U.K.), and Black was able to proceeds control of the Grouping for £30 million.^[six] By this investment, Black made his kickoff entry into British press ownership. Five years later, he bought The Jerusalem Post, and past 1990, his companies ran over 400 paper titles in North America, the majority of them small community papers. For a fourth dimension from this date he headed the tertiary-largest newspaper group in the Western World.^[31] In 1991, the Telegraph Group acquired a 25 percent stake in John Fairfax Holdings, an Australian media visitor which published the Sydney Morning Herald, The Age and The Australian Financial Review. Foreign-buying laws prevented Black from acquiring a majority stake, but he had effective control of the company. He sold his share to a New Zealand investment business firm in 1996 for $513 million, a reported $300 million profit. He afterwards complained about Australia's "capricious and politicized foreign ownership rules".^[32]

Hollinger had bought a 23% stake in the Southam newspaper chain in 1992^[xiv] from TORSTAR, publisher of the Toronto Star. Black and Radler caused the Chicago Sun-Times in 1994. Hollinger International shares were listed on New York Stock Exchange in 1996, at which fourth dimension the visitor additional its stake in Southam to a control position.^[19] Becoming a public company trading in the U.s. has been called "a fateful move, exposing Blackness'southward empire to America'southward more rigorous regulatory authorities and its more aggressive institutional shareholders".^[25]

Nether Blackness, Hollinger launched the National Post in Toronto in 1998. This newspaper was sold throughout the country in direct competition with The World and Post. From 1999 to 2000, Hollinger International sold several newspapers in 5 deals worth a total of CA$3 billion, a total that included millions of dollars in "non-compete agreements" for Hollinger insiders.^[33]

Fate of Hollinger [edit]

Institutional investor Tweedy, Browne opposed the payment of non-compete fees to Hollinger management in connection with the sales and requested on the day earlier the annual meeting in May 2003 that a special commission be appointed to expect into the compensation of management.^{[34] [35]} Black agreed that citing such fees was standard process in the paper industry, had been requested by buyers and had been properly disclosed. The special committee and its counsel, onetime Chairman of the SEC Richard C. Breeden, discovered that David Radler had misled the Hollinger directors, including Black, well-nigh the extent of his own participation in some of the related party transactions to sell otherwise unclaimed community newspapers in the US and as well that two of the smaller transactions involving non-compete payments had not been signed past the vendors.^[34] Breeden involved the Us Attorney in Chicago, and Radler, subsequently near 18 months, would promise to plead guilty to 1 count of fraud and to provide evidence against Blackness and others in exchange for a light sentence in Canada.^[36]

Black fabricated an agreement with Breeden, presently after the unsigned status of the two non-compete agreements came to light, by which he would remain every bit Chairman, but temporarily vacate the position of Chief Executive, pending verification that he, Black, had known nothing of these problems, which were handled by the company'due south counsel, and occurred in Radler'south American Publishing division.^[34] Black and Breeden were in negotiations, sponsored by Henry A. Kissinger, who was a Manager of Hollinger, when the special committee, without warning, sued Blackness and others. Black counter-sued, and included a libel suit in Canada. The libel settlement was by far the largest in Canadian history.^[37]

The Hollinger grouping of companies was effectively dismantled every bit a result of the cascade of criminal and ceremonious lawsuits that followed in relation to sales of papers and intellectual holding to tertiary parties, most alleging misrepresentation and some alleging false or deliberately misleading accounts having been presented.^[38] The costs incurred past Hollinger International through the investigation of Black and his associates climbed to US$200 million.^[39] Black claims a significant portion of the sums paid by Hollinger International went to Richard C. Breeden.^[19] Black himself incurred large legal fees.^[40]

Black resigned from the board of Hollinger in 2005, and many of Hollinger International'due south avails ended upwards being sold at prices significantly lower than those contemplated in uncompleted negotiations while Blackness was with the visitor.^[41] By the early 2000s, it was clear that Black had accurately anticipated the decline in profitability of impress media assets and sought to divest those types of avails held past Hollinger before their value was irrevocably diminished. The criminal sanctions on Black not overturned were for removing xiii boxes of newspaper from his role a few days before he had to move offices, and nether the gaze of security cameras he had installed, and for receiving US$285,000 equally a non-compete payment that was canonical by the independent director and publicly disclosed, but where the visitor secretary had neglected, in what the trial judge considered to exist a clerical oversight, to take signed by the parties.^[41]

Media host and commentator [edit]

Black co-hosted a weekly talk show, The Zoomer, which premiered 7 Oct 2013 on VisionTV in Canada, and ran for two years.^{[42] [43]} He interviewed Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, and Justin Trudeau who went on respectively to be President of the United States, British Prime Minister, and Prime Minister of Canada; and also interviewed Nigel Farage, leader of the UK Independence Party. From Jan 2015 through 2016, Blackness hosted Conversations with Conrad, a serial on VisionTV in which Black conducted long-class one-on-ane interviews with notable figures such every bit Margaret Atwood, Brian Mulroney, Rick Mercer, Barry Humphries and Michael Coren.^[44]

As of June 2020, Black is a commentator on two weekly national radio segments in the The states, and writes columns on online sites including National Review,^[45] RealClearPolitics,^[46] The Epoch Times, and American Greatness in addition to his weekly cavalcade in the National Post.^{[47] [48]}

Lifestyle [edit]

Born to a wealthy family, Black acquired the family home and vii acres (ii.viii ha) of country in Toronto'southward sectional Bridle Path neighbourhood after his parents' deaths in 1976. Black and first married woman Joanna Hishon maintained homes in Palm Embankment, Toronto and London. Subsequently he married Barbara Amiel, he acquired a luxury Park Artery flat in New York. When the latter was sold in 2005, the US Department of Justice seized net proceeds of $viii.5 meg, pending resolution of courtroom actions.^[49] His London townhouse in Kensington sold in 2005 for almost US$25 million.^[50] His Palm Beach mansion was listed for sale in 2004 at $36 million. In late Apr 2011, this Florida holding was also sold by Black for well-nigh Us$30 meg.^[51] The Black family unit manor was sold in March 2016, for a reported price of CA$16.five million,^[52] but on a sale-lease-back of upwardly to nine years, with an option to buy back, and the Blacks continue to live there. Blackness has disclosed his intention to remain and mayhap reacquire.^[53] He has returned to the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland part-fourth dimension.

According to biographer Tom Bower, "They flaunted their wealth."^[13] Blackness's critics suggested that it was Blackness'southward second wife, Amiel, who pushed him towards a life of opulence. Blackness has always denied that he spent more than his income and position justified. He has called claims that his wife charged personal expenses to a corporate account, including US$2,463 (£1,272) for handbags, $2,785 for opera tickets, and $140 for Amiel'due south "jogging attire"^[five] fiction and has pointed out that they were never alleged at trial.

Black was ranked 238th wealthiest in Great britain by the Sunday Times Rich Listing (2003),^[54] with an estimated wealth of £136m. Having departed the land, he was dropped from the 2004 list.^[55]

Black is a former Steering Committee fellow member of the Bilderberg Group.^[56]

Fraud conviction [edit]

Conrad Moffat Black
Criminal condition	Served 29 months earlier existence granted bond pending a Supreme Court ordered remand of the remaining counts which the high court vacated to the circuit of appeals for consideration of its errors, as the Supreme Court declared the statute under which Black was bedevilled to be, as his entreatment claimed, unconstitutional.[57] Reported to the Federal Correctional Establishment, Miami on 6 September 2011[58] to serve an additional 7 months as a consequence of re-sentencing.[59] He was released on iv May 2012, and returned to Canada.[60] Pardoned in 2019.
Criminal accuse	Mail fraud, obstacle of justice
Penalty	Initially sentenced to vi½ years imprisonment. Reduced to 42 months following appeal and re-sentencing and after the sentence had largely been served.
Engagement apprehended	Surrendered 3 March 2008 11:52 am
Imprisoned at	Coleman Federal Correctional Complex (inmate number 18330-424)

Black was bedevilled on three counts of fraud and 1 count of obstruction of justice in U.s. District Court in Chicago on xiii July 2007. He was sentenced to serve 6½ years in federal prison and to pay Hollinger $vi.one million, in improver to a fine of US$125,000. Appeals resulted in two of Blackness'due south three criminal fraud charges being vacated, and his conviction for obstruction of justice was upheld.^[61] Black was initially establish guilty of diverting funds for personal benefit from coin due to Hollinger International, and of other irregularities. The alleged embezzlement occurred when the visitor sold certain publishing assets. He was also found guilty of one charge of obstruction of justice.^[62]

In the initial verdict, Black was fined $125,000 and sentenced to six½ years in prison, serving a full of 37 months after two fraud charges were overturned by the Us Court of Appeals for the Seventh Excursion, leaving ane fraud charge and i obstruction of justice charge, and the improper receipt of $285,000, which was disclosed and canonical only incompletely documented, and civil penalties from the SEC. The 6½ year sentence was reduced to 3½ years.^[63] The $vi.1 million fine to the SEC was reduced to $4.ane 1000000 in 2013.^[64]

Supreme Court review [edit]

The Supreme Court of the Usa heard an appeal of his case on 8 December 2009^[65] and rendered a conclusion in June 2010. Black's application for bail was rejected past both the Supreme Court and the The states District Court judge who sentenced him.^[66]

On 24 June 2010, the U.s. Supreme Court ruled 8–0 with 1 recusal, instructing the 7th Circuit to review all four of Black's convictions including the obstruction of justice charge, finding that the definition of honest services fraud used in Gauge St. Eve'southward (the trial approximate) charge to the jury in Black'southward case was besides broad, "unconstitutionally vague",^[67] ruling the law could apply but to cases where bribes and kickbacks had changed hands and ordered the US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago to review iii fraud convictions confronting Black in light of the Supreme Court's new definition. The Court reviewed Blackness'southward case and determined whether his fraud convictions stood or if at that place should exist a new trial.^[68] The Supreme Court of the United States upheld the jailed erstwhile media businesswoman's obstruction-of-justice conviction, for which he was serving a concurrent half dozen½-year sentence.^[69]

Later developments [edit]

Blackness'south lawyers filed an awarding for bail awaiting the appeals courtroom's review.^[68] Prosecutors contested Black'south bail request, saying in court papers that Black'due south trial jury had proof that Blackness committed fraud.^[70] The seventh Circuit Court of Appeals granted bond on 19 July 2010 under which Blackness was released pending retrial on a $2 million unsecured bond put up by conservative philanthropist Roger Hertog^[71] and ordered to remain on bail in the continental The states until at least 16 August, when his bail hearing was to resume,^{[71] [72] [73] [74]} and the engagement by which Black and the prosecution were ordered by the Court of Appeals to submit written arguments for that courtroom's review of his case.^{[75] [76]} Blackness's bail, initially, pending trial, had been $38 million.

Black was to appear once over again in a Chicago court on xvi August to provide full and detailed financial information to the judge, who would then consider his request to exist immune to return to Canada while on bond.^[77]

Blackness'southward legal representatives, led by Miguel Estrada, advised the court they would not provide the requisite accounting and would thus not be interested in petitioning the courtroom further on the matter. Black was under no coercion to make this disclosure as he had initiated the appeal for a bail variation of his own volition. His next court appearance, where he might reapply for permission to render to Canada, was set for 20 September 2010.^[78]

On 28 October 2010, the US 7th Circuit Court of Appeals confirmed the dismissal of two of the three vacated fraud accounts and retained 1 and the obstruction count. The court ruled that he must be re-sentenced.^{[ citation needed ]}

On 17 December 2010, Black lost an appeal as to fact and law on his remaining convictions for fraud and obstruction of justice. The three judge console did non explicate its reasoning. On 31 May 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear an appeal from the excursion courtroom's decision, also without annotate.^[79] The re-sentencing on the two remaining counts by the original trial judge occurred on 24 June 2011.^[80] Black's lawyers recommended he exist sentenced to the 29 months he had already served while the prosecution argued for Black to complete his original vi½ year sentence. The probation officer'south report recommended a judgement of between 33 and 41 months.^[81] At the hearing, Gauge St. Eve re-sentenced Black to a reduced term of 42 months and a fine of $125,000, returning him to prison on 6 September 2011^[82] to serve the remaining seven months of his judgement, assuasive for a reduction for good conduct, for which the trial judge commended him.^[59]

On 30 June 2011, Black published an article for the National Review Online that provided his scathing view of the legal case, detailing information technology as a miscarriage of justice and an "unaccountable and often lawless prosecution".^[83]

Blackness's motion that the last remaining counts of confidence be vacated due to prosecutorial misconduct and his claim that he had been denied the correct to take the defense counsel of his choice were denied in February 2013, along with his asking for an evidentiary hearing.^[84] Black continues to maintain his innocence, and has likened the United States justice organization to that of North Korea. Black has publicly stated that he is proud to take been "sent to prison house for crimes I would never dream of committing, for having fought it out equally well equally anyone could, and for making the all-time I could of a bad state of affairs".^[85]

Incarceration [edit]

Until 21 July 2010,^[71] Blackness was incarcerated at the Federal Correctional Institution (Low Security) in Sumter Canton, Florida,^[86] a office of Federal Correctional Complex, Coleman.^{[87] [88] [northward 1]}

Following his release, Blackness wrote a column for Canada's National Post on his fourth dimension in prison. Black described The states inmates as an "ostracized, voiceless legion of the walking dead".^[89]

Black did not return to the Federal Correctional Institution in Coleman, Florida. On six September 2011, he was sent to a different Florida federal correction facility, this one in Miami.^[90] He was released from prison on 4 May 2012. Although he became a citizen of the Great britain in 2001 and became a British peer, he chose to live in his native Canada later on his prison term was completed.^[91] Black, who had renounced his Canadian citizenship in 2001 every bit a consequence of Blackness v Chrétien, was granted a one-year temporary resident permit to alive in Canada in March 2012 when he was notwithstanding serving his sentence.^[92]

Upon his release from prison, Black was deported to Canada.^[93]

Removal from the Order of Canada and Queen'due south Privy Council for Canada [edit]

Blackness was appointed an Officer of the Social club of Canada in 1990. In 2011, after Black returned to prison due to the failure of his entreatment, Rideau Hall, the seat of the Chancellery of Honours, confirmed that the accolade accorded to Blackness was under review past the order'southward Advisory Council, which has the power to recommend "the termination of a person's appointment to the Society of Canada if the person has been convicted of a criminal offence".^[94]

Once the review procedure started, Black submitted a written application in defence of keeping his place in the Order of Canada, merely failed in his efforts to persuade the Informational Council he should appear before them to defend his case orally. Black took the matter to the Federal Court of Canada, which ruled that the quango had no obligation to alter its regular review process (which allows for written submissions just) merely to accommodate Black.^[95] Black attempted to entreatment the court'southward decision without success.^[96]

In an Oct 2012 interview, Black intimated that he would rather resign from the gild than be removed: "I would not look for giving these junior officials the plain almost aphrodisiacal pleasure of throwing me out. I would withdraw", he told CBC's Susan Ormiston. "In fact, I wouldn't be interested in serving."^[97]

The Governor General of Canada, David Johnston, announced Blackness's removal from the Society of Canada and his expulsion from the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in January 2014. Johnston had been recommended to do so past the Advisory Council of the Guild of Canada and the Canadian Prime Government minister.^{[98] [99]} As a event, Blackness may also no longer employ the post-nominal initials OC and PC.^[100]

Pardon [edit]

On 15 May 2019, Usa President Donald Trump granted Black a total pardon.^{[101] [102]} Trump noted "broad back up from many high-contour individuals who have vigorously vouched for his infrequent character".^[103] Black is a friend of Trump and has written flatteringly about him in opinion articles and in the 2018 book Donald J. Trump: A President Similar No Other.^{[104] [105]} Many news sources linked Black's recent volume and his long friendship with Trump to the pardon.^[106] The Washington Post noted, "In add-on to his book, Blackness oft writes columns praising Trump and considers the president a friend".^[3] Upon his release from prison, Blackness had been deported to Canada and barred from entering the Us for 30 years;^[107] however, the pardon allows him to travel in the US.^[108]

Investigations by the Ontario Securities Commission and Canada Revenue Agency [edit]

In July 2013, the Ontario Securities Committee restarted its instance against Black and two other erstwhile Hollinger executives, John Boultbee and Peter Atkinson. The regulator sought to have them banned from trading in the province's majuscule markets or sitting on a public lath of directors. The case alleged violations of the Securities Human activity (Ontario). The case had been postponed pending the exhaustion of Blackness'southward appeals of his US fraud convictions. The securities case alleges that Black and his 2 beau directors created a scheme was to utilize the sale of several Hollinger newspapers in guild to "divert certain proceeds from Hollinger Inc. to themselves through contrived 'non-compete' payments".^[109]

Black applied to have the proceedings dismissed on the grounds that he was already voluntarily refraining from being an officer or director of an Ontario corporation and undertaken to inquire the approval of the OSC if he ever desired to get a director or officer of an Ontario public company. In February 2015 the OSC placed a permanent ban on Black being a director or officer of a publicly traded visitor in Ontario, merely declined to restrict his right to trade. Blackness referred to the example in his cavalcade in the National Post on viii March 2015, stating that the OSC did not come up to the subject with clean hands, having "vaporized" hundreds of millions of dollars of shareholder'south equity in 2005 when it blocked Black's bid to privatize Hollinger Inc., pushing that company into defalcation and a total loss for the shareholders.^{[110] [111]}

In early 2014, the Tax Court of Canada ruled that Black owed the Canadian government taxes on $5.1 million of income accrued in 2002.^[112]

In mid-May 2016, it was revealed that the CRA had intervened to prevent the sale and lease-back, with a buy-back option, of Black's habitation on Park Lane Circle. After discussion, the sale-lease back proceeded and Black provided other avails as security pending the settlement or arbitrament of the CRA merits.^[113]

On 14 June 2019, the Tax Court of Canada ruled that Black is entitled to deduct involvement expenses on a $32.3 meg loan he used to satisfy judgments against himself and Hollinger International.^{[114] [115]}

Peerage controversy and citizenship [edit]

In 2001, British Prime number Government minister Tony Blair advised Queen Elizabeth II to confer on Black a life peerage in the Peerage of the United kingdom with the title of The Baron Black of Crossharbour.^{[n 2] [116]} He would sit as a Conservative peer, and his name had been put frontward by the then-Conservative leader William Hague. Canadian Prime number Minister Jean Chrétien brash the Queen non to appoint Black a peer, citing the Nickle Resolution of 1919 and a long history since and so of objections to Canadian citizens accepting British peerages. Black at the time held both Canadian and British citizenship. Black pointed out that the Nickle Resolution referred to Canadian resident citizens, non dual citizens living in the UK, and was non binding; but when Blair said the Queen would adopt not to choose between the conflicting recommendations of 2 prime number ministers of countries of which she was the monarch, Black asked that the matter be deferred. He litigated in Canada, claiming that Chrétien had no jurisdiction to create a class of denizen in another land, consisting of one person (as there were other dual citizens in the House of Lords), ineligible to receive an laurels in that country for services accounted to take been rendered in that country, considering of the objections of the Canadian Prime Minister of the day. Later in 2001, after the Ontario Superior Court and Courtroom of Appeal had ruled that they had no jurisdiction in this area, Black renounced his Canadian citizenship, remaining a United kingdom citizen, which allowed him to accept the peerage without further controversy.^[117]

Black sat as a life peer on the Bourgeois benches until 2007, when he withdrew from the Bourgeois group of peers following his conviction in the United states. He is currently a non-affiliated peer. In an interview with BBC reporter Jeremy Paxman in 2012, Black stated that he could return to the House of Lords as a voting fellow member. Comparing himself to Nelson Mandela, Black said a criminal conviction does not prohibit him from sitting, since the House of Lords has no restriction on such a instance.^[118] He was on leave of absence from the House of Lords from June 2012 until 2019.^{[119] [120]}

In an interview with Peter Mansbridge in May 2012, Blackness said he would consider applying for Canadian citizenship "within a few years", when he hoped the affair would no longer be controversial and he could "make an application like any other person who has been a temporary resident". Information technology is not articulate when or if he would be accepted, merely he has been a temporary resident for over five years with a full work permit.

Coat of arms of Conrad Black

Crest A airtight book bound Azure edged Or supported past a lion rampant also Or winged Sable armed Gules and an hawkeye Sable wings elevated and addorsed Or armed Gules. Escutcheon Per pale wavy Sable and Or an anchor in bend sinister surmounted by a marine surveyor's line coil and weight in curve between in chief a garb and in base a fleur-de-lis all counterchanged. Supporters Dexter a winged lion dimidiated with an eagle Or sinister a winged lion dimidiated with an eagle Sable. Motto Ne Dicas Certamen Inutile[121]

Books and other publications [edit]

Biographies [edit]

• Duplessis (1977)^[122] Condensed, updated and republished in 1998 equally 'Render Unto Caesar: The Life and Legacy of Maurice Duplessis'.
• Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Liberty (2003)^{[123] [124]}
• Richard K. Nixon: A Life in Full (2007)^{[125] [126]}
• Donald J. Trump: A President Similar No Other (2018)^[127]

Autobiography [edit]

• A Life in Progress (1993)^[128]
• A Matter of Principle (2011)^{[129] [130] [131]}

History [edit]

• Flight of the Eagle: A Strategic History of the United States (2013). With an introductory annotation by Henry Kissinger.
• Ascent to Greatness: The History of Canada From the Vikings to the Present (2014)

Speculative history/opinion [edit]

• What Might Take Been (2004).^[132] An essay of speculative history depicting the latter half of the 20th century as it might have unfolded had Nippon not bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941, edited past Andrew Roberts.
• The Canadian Manifesto (2019) Black aims at solving how Canada'due south place in the world can be improved through new solutions to the ongoing problems besetting welfare, education, health care, strange policy, and other governmental sectors.

Collected essays [edit]

• Astern Glances: People and Events from Inside and Out (2016) A selection of Black's columns, manufactures, reviews and essays from 1970 to 2015.

Selected columns/manufactures in newspapers and magazines [edit]

• Black continues to contribute regular features to the National Post, the newspaper he founded in 1998 and sold in 2001
• In the November 2008 issue of Spear's magazine, Black wrote a diary piece from prison house^[133] detailing "the putrification of the Us justice system" and how "the bloom is off my long-notorious affection for America".^{[ citation needed ]}
• On 5 March 2009, Black contributed a piece to the online version of the bourgeois magazine National Review (NRO). Called Roosevelt and the Revisionists and based on his before biography of Roosevelt, it argued that FDR'due south New Deal was intended to salvage capitalism, and deserved conservative support. In her 9 March critique of this slice on NRO, writer Amity Shlaes observed, "I volition be co-hosting, with Dean Thomas Cooley of NYU/Stern, a Second Look briefing on 30 March to permit scholars to present the multiple studies that suggest the New Bargain and Great Depression are worth taking a look at from every angle. The great shame here is that Conrad would take added much to this event, and yet he cannot attend."

Biographies and portrayal in popular culture [edit]

• The volume "The Institution Homo", sub-titled "A Portrait of Power", past Peter C. Newman, detailing Black's early career, was published in 1982 past McClelland and Stewart; ISBN 0-7710-6786-0
• The documentary pic Citizen Blackness, which premiered at the 2004 Montreal and Cambridge film festivals, traces Blackness's life and filmmaker Debbie Melnyk's attempts in 2003 to interview Black, and her eventual interview.^[134] Us prosecutors subpoenaed unused footage of a 2003 shareholders meeting for apply in Black's trial.^[135]
• Canadian actor Albert Schultz portrayed Black in the 2006 CTV moving-picture show Shades of Black.
• Tom Bower's biography Conrad and Lady Black: Dancing on the Edge (ISBN 0007232349) was published in 2006 past HarperCollins. It was republished in August 2007 with an additional chapter reporting on the trial and its outcomes.
• A book, Robber Baron: Lord Black of Crossharbour, was published in 2007 by ECW press and written by George Tombs; ISBN 978-1-55022-806-9
• Canadian artist George Walker published the wordless novel The Life and Times of Conrad Black in 2013.

See also [edit]

• List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Prior to existence granted bail, his scheduled release date was 30 Oct 2013.^[86]
2. ^ With, non part of the main title, the territorial designation, of Crossharbour in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. This entitles him to the standard official manner of "Lord Black".

References [edit]

1. ^ "Trump pardons fraudster Conrad Black after glowing biography". the Guardian. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
2. ^ Financial Mail: "Conrad Black moves to cease Hollinger CCAA"
3. ^ ^{a b} Itkowitz, Colby (xv May 2019). "Trump pardons billionaire friend Conrad Black, who wrote a book about him". The Washington Mail service.
4. ^ Greene, Morgan. "Trump signs full pardon for former media mogul Conrad Black, who wrote flattering bio of president". chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 13 October 2020.
5. ^ ^{a b c} Clark, Andrew: "At some level, he'south still asking the same question as he was when he was vii or viii – who am I?", The Guardian, xvi March 2007.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Black, C. (1993). A Life in Progress. Key Porter Books; ISBN i-55013-520-1.
7. ^ "Remembering my older brother Mario Monte", National Post, 22 October 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
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11. ^ Olive, David (xi March 2007). "A Conrad Blackness timeline". Toronto Star . Retrieved 9 September 2019.
12. ^ (History, 1965)
13. ^ ^{a b} Bower, Tom: Conrad & Lady Black – Dancing on the Edge (London: HarperPress, 2006),
14. ^ ^{a b} "Conrad Blackness: Timeline". CBC News. 23 June 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
15. ^ ^{a b} Newman, P. (1983). The Institution Man. Seal Books; ISBN 0-7704-1839-2.
16. ^ "How I woke up from spiritual slumber and inched at a snail'southward pace to Rome", The Catholic Herald, 11 September 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
17. ^ "A dear, wise, constant friend", Catholic Pedagogy Resource Eye, 12 April 2003. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
18. ^ ^{a b} Thompson, Damian (ten September 2009). "Conrad Black: I have institute serenity through Catholicism in jail". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009.
19. ^ ^{a b c} Black, C. (2011). A Matter of Principle. McCelland & Stewart; ISBN 978-0-7710-1670-7.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Francis, D. (1986). Controlling Interest – Who Owns Canada. Macmillan of Canada; ISBN 0-7715-9744-4.
21. ^ "Innovation: CIBC Annual Report 1999" (PDF). Cibc.com . Retrieved five May 2016.
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45. ^ https://www.nationalreview.com/author/conrad-black/>
46. ^ "Conrad Black | Writer | RealClearPolitics".
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49. ^ United States Department of Justice. "Press Release" Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Auto, usdoj.gov, 15 December 2005.
50. ^ Timmons, Heather: "Conrad Black sells London townhouse", International Herald Tribune, 20 May 2005.
51. ^ "Conrad Black charged with 8 counts of fraud". CBC News. 17 Nov 2005. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
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53. ^ Takema, Dan (xv March 2016). "Conrad Black sells mansion, stays put". thestar.com. The Toronto Star. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
54. ^ Hosking, Patrick; Wighton, David. "The Sunday Times Rich Listing 2003". The Times . Retrieved 18 June 2010.
55. ^ Hosking, Patrick; Wighton, David. "The Lord's day Times Rich List 2004". The Times . Retrieved 18 June 2010.
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59. ^ ^{a b} "Blackness sent back to jail for 13 months" Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, World and Mail, 24 June 2011.
60. ^ Alamenciak, Tim (29 April 2012). "Conrad Black gear up to be released from prison this week". Toronto Star . Retrieved 1 May 2012.
61. ^ "Courtroom Reverses 2 Counts Against Conrad Black", Courthousenews.com, ane November 2010.
62. ^ "Conrad Black convicted of fraud", bbc.co.uk, xiii July 2007.
63. ^ Ameet Sachdev "Appeals court upholds Conrad Black'south conviction on fraud, obstruction charges but guilty verdicts on two other fraud counts are vacated", Chicago Tribune, 29 October 2010.
64. ^ "Conrad Black fined and banned by U.s.", bbc.com, xvi Baronial 2013; accessed 3 April 2016.
65. ^ McQuillen, William. "Conrad Black: Conviction Questioned by Loftier Courtroom", Bloomberg.com, viii December 2009.
66. ^ "Conrad Black denied bail", Toronto Star, 15 July 2009.
67. ^ Alberts, Sheldon. "Court sets bated appeals court ruling in Conrad Black case". www.nationalpost.com.
68. ^ ^{a b} "Conrad Black seeks bail", World and Postal service, vii July 2010.
69. ^ "Top stories from Canada and effectually the world". News.ca.msn.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
70. ^ "Conrad Black sued for $71 million in back taxes", Toronto Star, xv July 2010.
71. ^ ^{a b c} "Black to exist released but tin't come up to Canada", Toronto Star, 21 July 2010.
72. ^ "Conrad Blackness granted bail", Toronto Star, nineteen July 2010.
73. ^ "Court clears Black for release" Archived fourteen September 2010 at the Wayback Auto, Globe and Mail service, 22 July 2010.
74. ^ "Blackness tin can't render to Canada yet", Earth and Mail, 23 July 2010.
75. ^ "Court to hear Conrad Blackness case Aug. xvi", Vancouver Lord's day, 26 July 2010.
76. ^ "Conrad Black likely stuck in the U.Due south.", ctv.ca, 27 July 2010.
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78. ^ Conrad Black drops bid to return to Canada – Need to know , Macleans.ca; 6 August 2010; accessed 26 March 2016.
79. ^ "U.Southward. Supreme Courtroom rejects Conrad Black's appeal" Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Globe and Mail, 31 May 2011.
80. ^ "Conrad Blackness sentencing set for June 24", Chicago Sunday-Times, xiii January 2011.
81. ^ "Will Conrad Black get back to jail?", Globe and Mail, 23 June 2011.
82. ^ "Conrad Blackness to report dorsum to prison in September Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Auto", Globe and Mail, 11 July 2011.
83. ^ Conrad Blackness, "I stand up before the court", NationalReview.com, 30 June 2011.
84. ^ "Conrad Black loses bid to void guilty verdict". Toronto Star. 20 February 2013. Retrieved xx February 2013.
85. ^ "Conrad Black lashes out in feisty interview". Ctvnews.ca. 23 Oct 2012. Retrieved 3 Apr 2016.
86. ^ ^{a b} Conrad Blackness profile, Federal Agency of Prisons; retrieved 6 January 2010.
87. ^ Agence France-Presse (26 Jan 2009). "Viii injured in anarchism at Conrad Black's Prison". Canada.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2009. Retrieved 18 June 2010.
88. ^ Joyce, Julian. "Black times alee for fallen peer", bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, 4 March 2008; retrieved half-dozen Jan 2010.
89. ^ "Conrad Black: My prison education". Fullcomment.nationalpost.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved iii Apr 2016.
90. ^ Kwan, Amanda (ii September 2011). "Blackness won't return to Florida prison". Toronto Star . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
91. ^ D'Aliesio, Renata (4 May 2012). "Conrad Black released from Florida prison". The Globe and Mail service. Toronto. Archived from the original on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
92. ^ Hunt, Steven (2 May 2012). "Just how special is Lord Black's residency let?". The Globe and Post. Toronto. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
93. ^ "Conrad Black returns to Toronto after serving jail time in U.S." National Post. iv May 2012. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
94. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (14 September 2011). "Conrad Black could be stripped of Order of Canada". Toronto Star . Retrieved 15 September 2011.
95. ^ "Conrad Black loses Order of Canada hearing bid – federal courtroom won't interfere". The Star. Toronto, ON. 25 October 2012.
96. ^ Jones, Allison (2 November 2012). "Conrad Blackness keeps fighting to make personal plea to continue Order of Canada". Toronto Star . Retrieved 2 November 2012.
97. ^ Pagliaro, Jennifer (26 Oct 2012). "Conrad Black will resign Order of Canada rather than have it terminated". Toronto Star . Retrieved 26 October 2012.
98. ^ "Termination of Appointment to the Order of Canada". Retrieved 31 January 2014.
99. ^ "Conrad Blackness stripped of Order of Canada". CBC News. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
100. ^ "Conrad Black stripped of the Order of Canada". Globe and Mail. Toronto. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
101. ^ "Trump grants total pardon to former media baron Conrad Blackness". CBC News. 15 May 2019.
102. ^ Blackness, Conrad (sixteen May 2019). "Conrad Black: The President of the Usa chosen. I was beingness pardoned, at final". National Mail.
103. ^ Media baron Conrad Black, convicted of fraud, receives pardon from Trump, Marketwatch, 15 May 2019, Retrieved xv May 2019.
104. ^ Freking, Kevin. "Author of flattering Trump biography gets pardon from Trump", 16 May 2019, Associated Press.
105. ^ Karni, Annie (sixteen May 2019). "President Trump Grants Pardon to Conrad Black". The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2019.
106. ^ https://world wide web.theguardian.com/business/2019/may/15/conrad-black-trump-pardons-ex-media-mogul; https://www.contained.co.great britain/news/world/americas/donald-trump-conrad-blackness-pardon-daily-telegraph-possessor-hollinger-a8916036.html; https://www.kpbs.org/news/2019/may/xvi/trump-pardons-his-friend-conrad-black-who-wrote/; and others.
107. ^ Waldie, Paul (25 October 2012). "Securities violations cost Conrad Black $6.one-1000000". Globe and Postal service. Toronto. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
108. ^ Tedesco, Theresa (17 May 2019). "Anyone post-obit Conrad Black's saga shouldn't be surprised Trump pardoned him". Financial Postal service.
109. ^ Stern, Andrew. "Conrad Black trial hears of payment diversions", 27 March 2007, Reuters.
110. ^ Black, Conrad (seven March 2015). "Conrad Black: Of that OSC ruling..." National Post.
111. ^ "OSC slaps permanent ban on Conrad Black". Thestar.com. 27 Feb 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
112. ^ "Conrad Blackness owes $5.1-one thousand thousand in back taxes, court rules". Globe and Mail service. Toronto. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
113. ^ "Conrad Black's Toronto mansion sells for $14-million". 30 June 2016.
114. ^ Melnitzer, Julius (21 June 2019). "Conrad Black wins $32.3 million loan case against the CRA". Financial Mail service.
115. ^ "Tax Courtroom of Judgements". 14 June 2019.
116. ^ "No. 56379". The London Gazette. 5 Nov 2001. p. 12995.
117. ^ "Conrad Black to renounce Canadian citizenship".
118. ^ Tu Thanh Ha. "Conrad Black says he could still sit in the U.K. Firm of Lords". The World and Mail . Retrieved iii April 2016.
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120. ^ "Lord Blackness of Crossharbour profile". Parliament of the Great britain . Retrieved 3 April 2016.
121. ^ Debrett's Peerage. 2019.
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123. ^ Black, Conrad (12 Nov 2003). Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom. ISBN978-1-58648-184-1.
124. ^ Janeway, Michael (21 December 2003). "The Lord of Springwood". The New York Times.
125. ^ Blackness, Conrad (23 October 2007). Richard Yard. Nixon: A Life in Total. ISBN978-1-58648-519-1.
126. ^ "Books Briefly Noted". The New Yorker. 7 Jan 2009. Retrieved xviii June 2010.
127. ^ Donald J. Trump: A President Like No Other Archived 8 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Regnery Publishing, 2019.
128. ^ Black, Conrad (1993). A Life in Progress. ISBN978-1-55013-520-6.
129. ^ Black, Conrad (2011). A Affair of Principle. Toronto, Ontario: McClelland & Stewart. ISBN978-0-7710-1670-7.
130. ^ Johnson, Paul. "Apologia pro vita sua", The Spectator, 17 November 2012.
131. ^ Bong, Douglas (16 September 2011). "Conrad Blackness comes out zinging". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 23 Feb 2012.
132. ^ Roberts, Andrew (5 May 2005). What Might Accept Been. ISBN978-0-7538-1873-two.
133. ^ Blackness, Conrad. "Jail Diary" Archived 19 Dec 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Spear'due south, November 2008.
134. ^ ""Citizen Blackness": An entertaining documentary". Mail-gazette.com. 17 February 2006. Retrieved eighteen June 2010.
135. ^ Wisniewski, Mary (23 Nov 2006). "Prosecutors to see 'Citizen Blackness' footage". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on x March 2008. Retrieved eighteen June 2010.

Further reading [edit]

• Bower, Tom: Conrad & Lady Blackness – Dancing on the Edge (London: HarperPress, 2006)
• Edge, Marc Asper Nation: Canada's Well-nigh Dangerous Media Company (2007), pp 70–97; ISBN 978-1-55420032-0
• Siklos, Richard. Shades of Blackness: Conrad Blackness — His Ascension and Fall (McClelland & Stewart Ltd, 2004); ISBN 978-0-7710-8071-5
• Skurka, Steven. Tilted: The Trials of Conrad Blackness, 2d ed. (Dundurn, 2011); ISBN 978-one-55488934-1

External links [edit]

• Conrad Black on Twitter
• Appearances on C-Span
• Conrad Black at IMDb
• Works by or about Conrad Blackness in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Conrad Black collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Conrad Black collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Mail
• Conrad Black nerveless news and commentary at The New York Times
• SEC – Breeden Report Complete 512-folio copy of the Report of Investigation past the Special Committee of the lath of directors of Hollinger International Inc.
• The United States vs. Conrad Black nerveless coverage in Macleans.ca
• Lord Blackness of Crossharbour: The Life and Times of Conrad Black, CBC.ca, documentary originally aired 24 March 2005
• "Conrad Black's apologia for Richard Nixon": a review in the TLS by Anthony Holden, 8 Baronial 2007
• Conrad Black'south full-length jail diary
• An interview with Conrad Black from Coleman Federal Correction Circuitous, May 2010

Orders of precedence in the U.k.
Preceded by The Lord Brooke of Sutton Mandeville	Gentlemen Businesswoman Black of Crossharbour	Followed by The Lord Wilson of Dinton

Are Conrad Automotive Service Centers Commission Sales,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Black

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